Ian Linden: Spies in the Vatican

Clandestine priests smuggled into England hunted by spies from the royal court and martyred are prominent within English Catholic memory of the 16th and early 17th century. Priest-holes, the pejorative term 'Jesuitical', and the exclusion of Catholics from succession to the throne, remain a minor remnant of that time. In the 20th century, Nazi Rule, Communism, and the military dictatorships of Latin America, evoke a similar memory of spies, clandestine missionaries and martyrdom. Plus ça change.
Vatican Spies, published by C Hurst & Co Ltd, covers the period from 1940 to 2023. The author is a French journalist who has written books about Intelligence Services including the CIA, MOSSAD and MI6. But this new book is not just about Vatican spies as the title suggests, but also covers other newsworthy elements of recent Church history - a discreditable litany of scandals.
As a historian of the Church, Yvonnick Denoël leaves much to be desired. We get, for example, three pages on Rwandan history and the 1994 genocide. But no mention of Pope John Paul's repeated passionate appeals, just three days after the massacres began: "Everywhere hatred, revenge, fratricidal killing. In the name of Christ we beg you, lay down your arms". Nothing either about the Nuncio for Rwanda in Kigali, Monsignor Giuseppe Bertello, who supported Rwandan human rights organisations and had alerted the Pope to the danger. Plenty of detail about the complicity of the local Church. But what has this got to do with the Vatican and spies?
Denoël does provide many vignettes and longer, indigestible accounts of agents of Intelligence Services trying to extract information from the Vatican, Cardinals and Curial officials, bishops, priests, lay Catholics and Catholic organisations. Many of his clerical dramatis personae have dodgy friends and vulnerabilities to manipulation: ambition, sometimes homosexuality and, in certain instances, strong ideological or political sentiments. Several show considerable courage or, at least, tolerance of high levels of risk. At 434 pages, you 'd need a spy's training to remember all the names.
Denoël expands the definition of spies to mean not only handlers and agents, and their spying, for example, bugs in the office of Cardinal Luigi Maglione, Vatican Secretary of State during the War, (phones tapped also). Spying is treated in the generic sense of activities involving collection of sensitive information through cultivation of personal relationships, or picked up in the course of their work by Curial officials and Nuncios. And there is no doubt that Church officials did pass on information to Governments and, inadvertently or deliberately, to people who were Intelligence agents.
Vatican Spies has no strong overarching themes beyond fear of, and reaction to, communism and money the root of all evil. Denoël justifiably points the finger at the Vatican's management of its bank, the IOR, Instituto per le Opere di Religione (the works of religion - for which, too often, read money-laundering). Alongside good works, over the years the IOR has served the Mafia, the sinister P2 Italian Masonic Lodge, and the CIA . Chronic incompetence, naivete or illicit financial benefit? All of the above.
The larger than life American Monsignor, later Archbishop, Paul Marcinkus, who was IOR President from 1971-1989, weathering several scandals, owed his career to the then Archbishop Montini, later Pope Paul VI (1963-1978), whose pastoral work in Milan he assisted financially. Marcinkus was also director of the Nassau, Bahamas, Banco Ambrosiano Overseas of which the IOR was the main shareholder. Its chairman was Roberto Calvi who was found hanging under Blackfriars Bridge (definitely not suicide) when the bank collapsed in 1982. Enough to make St Ambrose turn in his grave.
In 1969 Pope Paul VI asked the Sicilian tax lawyer and banker, Michele Sindona, another benefactor from his Milan days, to liaise with Marcinkus in investing Vatican money offshore to avoid Italian tax. Unfortunately, New York Mafia boss Gambino's heroin profits were also handled by Sindona who died in prison of cyanide in his coffee. Only under Pope Francis have serious inroads into cleaning up this inglorious Augean stable made much progress.
The glory days for undercover work in the Vatican were the nine months of Nazi occupation of Rome October 1943 to June 1944. Escaped Allied troops were found sanctuary. A former Irish boxer from Cork, Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty, confined in the Vatican to avoid arrest, organised an extensive rescue network supported by the British Ambassador, Francis D'Arcy Osborne. The American Cardinal Eugene Spellman acted almost openly as a CIA asset, funneling in money to help. When deportation of 1,259 Jews from Rome to Auschwitz began on 15 October 1943, Secretary of State, Cardinal Luigi Maglione, protested to the German Ambassador. The Vatican ordered Rome's 100 convents and 45 monasteries to provide sanctuary; they hid 6,000 out of the capital's 8,000 Jews, some in churches and some in the Vatican itself. Meanwhile, the Gestapo worked to infiltrate these Catholic networks.
There were, of course, exceptions to this risky support for Allied forces and Jews. Some in leadership positions were pro-German. At the end of the war, Pius XII (Pope 1939-1958) appointed the rector of Santa Maria dell'Anima in Rome, pro-Nazi Bishop Alois Hudal of Graz, to ensure pastoral care of Germans interned in Italy. But the care included organizing 'ratlines', escape routes for Nazi war criminals to Argentina. Like those O'Flaherty saved from Nazi capture, most were hidden in Church properties. The Americans weren't bothered. By late 1944, their mistrust of the Soviet Union was becoming dominant.
The key is the Vatican's fear of, and enmity towards, Communism, a theological dimension of the Cold War. In Poland from 1945-1953, some 2,200 priests were deported, imprisoned, and some executed. (Over 1,800 had already died in Nazi concentration camps). As the Communist government established itself in China, out of the 3,000 priests in 1949 some 500 were expelled, 500 imprisoned and 200 were executed. These experiences weighed heavily on successive Popes and directed ongoing diplomatic priorities.
To read on see: www.ianlinden.com/latest-blogs/spies-in-the-vatican
Professor Ian Linden is Visiting Professor at St Mary's University, Strawberry Hill, London. A past director of the Catholic Institute for International Relations, he was awarded a CMG for his work for human rights in 2000. He has also been an adviser on Europe and Justice and Peace issues to the Department of International Affairs of the Catholic Bishops Conference of England and Wales. Ian chairs a new charity for After-school schooling in Beirut for Syrian refugees and Lebanese kids in danger of dropping out partnering with CARITAS Lebanon and work on board of Las Casas Institute in Oxford with Richard Finn OP. His latest book was Global Catholicism published by Hurst in 2009.
LINK
Professor Ian Linden: www.ianlinden.com/